Ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kwe-ultrasound kwi-biochemistry kufuneka ibe kukutyumza udonga lweseli nge-ultrasound ukukhulula imixholo yayo. Izifundo ezilandelayo zibonise ukuba i-ultrasound ye-low-intensity inokukhuthaza inkqubo ye-biochemical reaction. Ngokomzekelo, i-ultrasonic irradiation yesiseko sezondlo zamanzi inokunyusa izinga lokukhula kweeseli ze-algal, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa inani leprotheyini eveliswa ngala maseli ngamaxesha amathathu.

Xa kuthelekiswa noxinano lwamandla e-cavitation bubble collapse, ubuninzi bamandla kwibala lesandi se-ultrasonic liye landiswa ngamatriliyoni ngamaxesha, okubangelwa ukuxinwa okukhulu kwamandla; Iziganeko ze-Sonochemical kunye ne-sonoluminescence ezibangelwa ukushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluveliswa ngamabhubhu e-cavitation ziindlela ezizodwa zamandla kunye nokutshintshiselana kwezinto kwi-sonochemistry. Ke ngoko, i-ultrasound idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekutsalweni kweekhemikhali, ukuveliswa kwe-biodiesel, i-organic synthesis, unyango lwe-microbial, ukuthotywa kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezinobuthi, isantya sokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nesivuno, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-catalyst, unyango lwe-biodegradation, ukuthintela kunye nokususwa kwesikali se-ultrasonic, ukutyunyuzwa kweeseli zebhayoloji, ukusabalalisa kunye ne-agglomeration, kunye ne-sonochemical reaction.

1. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali eziphuculweyo ze-ultrasonic.

I-Ultrasound yokuphucula ukuphendula kweekhemikhali. Amandla okuqhuba aphambili yi-ultrasonic cavitation. Ukuwa kwe-bubble core ye-cavitating kuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu bendawo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nefuthe elinamandla kunye nejet encinci, enika indawo entsha kunye nekhethekileyo kakhulu ngokomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zokuphendula kweekhemikhali ezinzima okanye ezingenakwenzeka ukufezekisa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

2. Ultrasonic catalytic reaction.

Njengentsimi entsha yophando, i-ultrasonic catalytic reaction iye yatsala umdla ngakumbi nangakumbi. Iziphumo eziphambili ze-ultrasound kwi-catalytic reaction zi:

(1) Ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lunceda ukuqhekeka kwe-reactants kwi-radicals yasimahla kunye ne-divalent carbon, zenza iintlobo ezisebenzayo zokusabela;

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(3) Ukothuka kwamaza kunokutshabalalisa isakhiwo esisabelayo

(4) Inkqubo yokusabela esasazekileyo;

(5) I-Ultrasonic cavitation ikhupha i-metal surface, kwaye i-wave shock wave ikhokelela kwi-deformation ye-lattice yensimbi kunye nokubunjwa kwendawo yoxinzelelo yangaphakathi, ephucula ukusebenza kweekhemikhali zetsimbi;

6) Ukukhuthaza i-solvent ukuba ingene kwi-solid ukuvelisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-inclusion reaction;

(7) Ukuphucula ukusasazeka kwe-catalyst, i-ultrasonic isoloko isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-catalyst. I-ultrasonic irradiation inokunyusa indawo ye-catalyst, yenza amacandelo asebenzayo ahlakazeke ngakumbi kwaye aphucule umsebenzi we-catalytic.

3. I-ultrasonic polymer chemistry

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ultrasonic positive polymer chemistry kuye kwatsala ingqalelo enkulu. Unyango lwe-Ultrasonic lunokunciphisa i-macromolecules, ngokukodwa iipolymers ezinobunzima be-molecular. I-cellulose, i-gelatin, i-rubber kunye neprotheni inokuthotywa ngonyango lwe-ultrasonic. Okwangoku, ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba i-ultrasonic degradation mechanism ibangelwa umphumo wamandla kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu xa i-bubble ye-cavitation iqhuma, kwaye enye inxalenye yokuthotywa ingaba ngenxa yempembelelo yokushisa. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile, i-ultrasound yamandla inokuqalisa i-polymerization. I-ultrasound irradiation enamandla inokuqalisa i-copolymerization ye-polyvinyl alcohol kunye ne-acrylonitrile ukulungiselela i-block copolymers, kunye ne-copolymerization ye-polyvinyl acetate kunye ne-polyethylene oxide ukwenza i-graft copolymers.

4. Itekhnoloji entsha yokusabela kweekhemikhali iphuculwe yintsimi ye-ultrasonic

Ukudibanisa iteknoloji entsha yokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nokuphucula intsimi ye-ultrasonic enye isalathiso sophuhliso esinokubakho kwintsimi ye-ultrasonic chemistry. Ngokomzekelo, i-supercritical fluid isetyenziswe njengento ephakathi, kwaye intsimi ye-ultrasonic isetyenziselwa ukuqinisa i-catalytic reaction. Umzekelo, i-supercritical fluid inoxinaniso olufana nolwelo kunye ne-viscosity kunye ne-diffusion coefficient efana nerhasi, eyenza ukunyibilika kwayo kulingane nolwelo kunye nomthamo wogqithiselo lobunzima obulingana nerhasi. Ukukhutshwa kwe-heterogeneous catalyst kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-solubility efanelekileyo kunye ne-diffusion properties of supercritical fluid, kodwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo i-icing kwikhekhe ukuba intsimi ye-ultrasonic ingasetyenziselwa ukuyiqinisa. I-wave shock wave kunye nejethi encinci eyenziwe yi-ultrasonic cavitation ayinakukwazi ukukhulisa kakhulu i-supercritical fluid ukunyibilikisa ezinye izinto ezikhokelela kwi-catalyst deactivation, idlale indima ye-desorption kunye nokucoca, kwaye ugcine i-catalyst isebenza ixesha elide, kodwa idlala indima yokuvuselela, enokusasaza inkqubo yokusabela, kwaye yenza inqanaba lokudluliselwa kwekhemikhali ephezulu kwi-supercritical fluid. Ukongezelela, ukushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwindawo yendawo eyenziwe yi-ultrasonic cavitation iya kuba luncedo ekuqhekezeni i-reactants kwi-radicals yamahhala kwaye ikhawuleze kakhulu isantya sokuphendula. Okwangoku, kukho izifundo ezininzi malunga nokusabela kweekhemikhali ze-supercritical fluid, kodwa izifundo ezimbalwa ekwandiseni ukusabela okunjalo nge-ultrasonic field.

5. ukusetyenziswa kwe-high-power ultrasonic kwimveliso ye-biodiesel

Isitshixo sokulungiselela i-biodiesel yi-catalytic transesterification ye-fatty acid glyceride kunye ne-methanol kunye nezinye i-alcohol ephantsi kwekhabhoni. I-Ultrasound inokomeleza ngokucacileyo ukusabela kwe-transesterification, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokusabela okungafaniyo, inokunyusa kakhulu ukuxuba (emulsification) isiphumo kunye nokukhuthaza ukusabela koqhagamshelwano lwe-molecular engangqalanga, ukuze ukusabela okufunekayo ukuba kuqhutywe phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu (uxinzelelo oluphezulu) iimeko zinokugqitywa kwiqondo lokushisa (okanye kufuphi neqondo lokushisa), kwaye unciphise ixesha lokuphendula. I-ultrasonic wave ayisetyenziswanga kuphela kwinkqubo ye-transesterification, kodwa kunye nokwahlula umxube wokuphendula. Abaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseMississippi State eUnited States basebenzisa i-ultrasonic processing kwimveliso ye-biodiesel. Imveliso ye-biodiesel idlule kwi-99% kwimizuzu emi-5, ngelixa inkqubo ye-batch ye-reactor eqhelekileyo ithathe ngaphezu kweyure enye.