Ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kwe-ultrasound kwi-biochemistry kufuneka ibe kukutyumza udonga lweseli nge-ultrasound ukukhulula imixholo yayo.Izifundo ezilandelayo zibonise ukuba i-ultrasound ye-low-intensity inokukhuthaza inkqubo ye-biochemical reaction.Ngokomzekelo, i-ultrasonic irradiation yesiseko sezondlo zamanzi inokunyusa izinga lokukhula kweeseli ze-algal, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa inani leprotheyini eveliswa ngala maseli ngamaxesha amathathu.

Xa kuthelekiswa noxinano lwamandla e-cavitation bubble collapse, ubuninzi bamandla kwibala lesandi se-ultrasonic liye landiswa ngamatriliyoni ngamaxesha, okubangelwa ukuxinwa okukhulu kwamandla;Iziganeko ze-Sonochemical kunye ne-sonoluminescence ezibangelwa ukushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluveliswa ngamabhubhu e-cavitation ziindlela ezizodwa zamandla kunye nokutshintshiselana kwezinto kwi-sonochemistry.Ke ngoko, i-ultrasound idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekutsalweni kweekhemikhali, kwimveliso ye-biodiesel, i-organic synthesis, unyango lwe-microbial, ukuthotywa kwezinto ezingcolisa izinto ezinobuthi, isantya sokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nesivuno, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-catalyst, unyango lwe-biodegradation, ukuthintela kunye nokususwa kwesikali se-ultrasonic, ukutyunyuzwa kweeseli zebhayoloji. , ukusasazeka kunye ne-agglomeration, kunye ne-sonochemical reaction.

1. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali eziphuculweyo ze-ultrasonic.

I-Ultrasound yokuphucula ukuphendula kweekhemikhali.Amandla okuqhuba aphambili yi-ultrasonic cavitation.Ukuwa kwe-bubble core ye-cavitating kuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu bendawo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nefuthe elinamandla kunye nejet encinci, enika indawo entsha kunye nekhethekileyo kakhulu ngokomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zokuphendula kweekhemikhali ezinzima okanye ezingenakwenzeka ukufezekisa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

2. Ultrasonic catalytic reaction.

Njengommandla omtsha wophando, i-ultrasonic catalytic reaction itsala umdla ngakumbi nangakumbi.Iziphumo eziphambili ze-ultrasound kwi-catalytic reaction zi:

(1) Ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lunceda ukuqhekeka kwe-reactants kwi-radicals yasimahla kunye ne-divalent carbon, zenza iintlobo ezisebenzayo zokusabela;

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(3) Ukothuka kwamaza kunokutshabalalisa isakhiwo esisabelayo

(4) Inkqubo yokusabela esasazekileyo;

(5) I-Ultrasonic cavitation ikhupha i-metal surface, kwaye i-wave shock wave ikhokelela kwi-deformation ye-lattice yensimbi kunye nokubunjwa kwendawo yoxinzelelo yangaphakathi, ephucula ukusebenza kweekhemikhali zetsimbi;

6) Ukukhuthaza i-solvent ukuba ingene kwi-solid ukuvelisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-inclusion reaction;

(7) Ukuphucula ukusasazeka kwe-catalyst, i-ultrasonic isoloko isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-catalyst.I-ultrasonic irradiation inokunyusa indawo ye-catalyst, yenza amacandelo asebenzayo ahlakazeke ngakumbi kwaye aphucule umsebenzi we-catalytic.

3. I-ultrasonic polymer chemistry

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ultrasonic positive polymer chemistry kuye kwatsala ingqalelo enkulu.Unyango lwe-Ultrasonic lunokunciphisa i-macromolecules, ngokukodwa iipolymers ezinobunzima be-molecular.I-cellulose, i-gelatin, i-rubber kunye neprotheni inokuthotywa ngonyango lwe-ultrasonic.Okwangoku, ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba i-ultrasonic degradation mechanism ibangelwa umphumo wamandla kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu xa i-bubble cavitation iqhuma, kwaye enye inxalenye yokuthotywa ingaba ngenxa yempembelelo yokushisa.Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile, i-ultrasound yamandla inokuqalisa i-polymerization.I-ultrasound irradiation enamandla inokuqalisa i-copolymerization ye-polyvinyl alcohol kunye ne-acrylonitrile ukulungiselela i-block copolymers, kunye ne-copolymerization ye-polyvinyl acetate kunye ne-polyethylene oxide ukwenza i-graft copolymers.

4. Itekhnoloji entsha yokusabela kweekhemikhali iphuculwe yintsimi ye-ultrasonic

Ukudibanisa iteknoloji entsha yokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nokuphucula intsimi ye-ultrasonic enye isalathiso sophuhliso esinokubakho kwintsimi ye-ultrasonic chemistry.Ngokomzekelo, i-supercritical fluid isetyenziswe njengento ephakathi, kwaye intsimi ye-ultrasonic isetyenziselwa ukuqinisa i-catalytic reaction.Umzekelo, i-supercritical fluid inoxinaniso olufana nolwelo kunye ne-viscosity kunye ne-diffusion coefficient efana nerhasi, eyenza ukunyibilika kwayo kulingane nolwelo kunye nomthamo wogqithiso wobunzima obulingana nerhasi.Ukukhutshwa kwe-heterogeneous catalyst kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-solubility efanelekileyo kunye ne-diffusion properties of supercritical fluid, kodwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo i-icing kwikhekhe ukuba intsimi ye-ultrasonic ingasetyenziselwa ukuyiqinisa.I-wave shock wave kunye nejethi encinci eveliswa yi-ultrasonic cavitation ayinakukwazi ukukhulisa kakhulu ulwelo oluphezulu lokunyibilikisa izinto ezithile ezikhokelela kwi-catalyst deactivation, idlala indima yokucoca kunye nokucoca, kwaye ugcine i-catalyst isebenza ixesha elide, kodwa ikwadlala indima yokuvuselela, enokusasaza inkqubo yokusabela, kwaye yenza izinga lokudluliselwa kobuninzi be-supercritical fluid reaction chemical reaction ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu.Ukongezelela, ukushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwindawo yendawo eyenziwe yi-ultrasonic cavitation iya kuba luncedo ekuqhekezeni i-reactants kwi-radicals yamahhala kwaye ikhawuleze kakhulu isantya sokuphendula.Okwangoku, kukho izifundo ezininzi malunga nokusabela kweekhemikhali ze-supercritical fluid, kodwa izifundo ezimbalwa ekwandiseni ukusabela okunjalo yintsimi ye-ultrasonic.

5. ukusetyenziswa kwe-high-power ultrasonic kwimveliso ye-biodiesel

Isitshixo sokulungiselela i-biodiesel yi-catalytic transesterification ye-fatty acid glyceride kunye ne-methanol kunye nezinye i-alcohol ephantsi kwekhabhoni.I-Ultrasound inokomeleza ngokucacileyo i-transesterification reaction, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokusabela okungafaniyo, inokuphucula kakhulu ukuxuba (emulsification) isiphumo kunye nokukhuthaza uqhagamshelwano olungangqalanga lwe-molecular reaction reaction, ukuze ukusabela okufunekayo ukuba kuqhutywe phantsi kweemeko zokushisa okuphezulu (uxinzelelo oluphezulu) inokugqityezelwa kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi (okanye kufutshane nobushushu begumbi), Kwaye unciphise ixesha lokuphendula.I-ultrasonic wave ayisetyenziswanga kuphela kwinkqubo ye-transesterification, kodwa kunye nokwahlula umxube wokuphendula.Abaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseMississippi State eUnited States basebenzisa i-ultrasonic processing kwimveliso ye-biodiesel.Imveliso ye-biodiesel idlule kwi-99% kwimizuzu emi-5, ngelixa inkqubo ye-batch ye-reactor eqhelekileyo ithathe ngaphezu kweyure enye.